Indomalaya
Indomalaya is one of the world’s eight major biogeographical realms and has three subrealms—the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asian Forests, and Malaysia & Western Indonesia—with 18 bioregions in total based on the Bioregions 2023 framework. With its dense rainforests, this is one of the most important areas for biodiversity in the world, sheltering one-fifth of the Earth’s plant, animal and marine species. The region contains three mega-diverse countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines—where four of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots are located. The Indian Subcontinent in the west is capped by the long, curving mountain range of the Himalayas and includes dry forests, scrublands, and deserts up to the Arakan mountain range. The Southeast Asia subrealm, dominated by subtropical evergreen forests, encompasses the entire Indochinese Peninsula extending northward to the edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau in China. This subrealm also includes the South China Sea and the Philippines. Farther south, the Malaysia & West Indonesia subrealm is dominated by moist broadleaf forests and coastal mangroves containing hundreds of islands.
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Borneo Tropical Forests & Sundaland Heath Forests (IM16)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 74,859 Number of Ecoregions: 7 Protection Target: 69% Protection Level: 2The Borneo Tropical Forests & Sundaland Heath Forests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains six terrestrial ecoregions, along with the Sunda Shelf Mangroves, totaling approximately nearly 75 million hectares of land area.
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Peninsular Malaysian & Sumatran Tropical Rainforests (IM18)
Total Land Area (1000 ha) : 61,361 Number of Ecoregions: 10 Protection Target: 54% Protection Level : 2The Peninsular Malaysian & Sumatran Tropical Rainforests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains ten ecoregions totaling nearly 62 million hectares of land area with extensive surrounding marine areas.
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Javan-Bali Tropical Rainforests (IM17)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 13,818 Number of Ecoregions: 5 Protection Target: 30% Protection Level: 1The Javan-Bali Tropical Rainforests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains five ecoregions totaling nearly 14 million hectares of land area with extensive surrounding marine areas.
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Greater Deccan-Sri Lankan Forests & Drylands (IM8)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 73,823 Number of Ecoregions: 6 Protection Target: 8% Protection Level: 8The Greater Deccan-Sri Lankan Forests & Drylands bioregion is located within the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya and contains six ecoregions totaling approximately 73 million hectares of land area.
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Northern Deccan & Odisha Tropical Forests (IM7)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 42,971 Number of Ecoregions: 4 Protection Target: 6% Protection Level: 8The Northern Deccan & Odisha Tropical Forests bioregion is located within the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya and contains four ecoregions totaling approximately 42 million hectares of land area.
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North Indian Tropical Forests & Sundarbans (IM6)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 66,270 Number of Ecoregions: 7 Protection Target: 9% Protection Level: 3The North Indian Tropical Forests & Sundarbans bioregion is located in the Indomalayan realm and contains five terrestrial ecoregions along with the Myanmar Coast Mangroves and Sundarbans Mangroves totaling approximately 66 million hectares of land area.
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Himalayan Mixed Forests & Grasslands (IM5)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 35,582 Number of Ecoregions: 7 Protection Target: 43% Protection Level: 3The Himalayan Mixed Forests & Grasslands bioregion is located at the very top of the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya and contains seven ecoregions totaling approximately 35.5 million hectares of land area.
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Indian Dry Deciduous Forests (IM3)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 56,352 Number of Ecoregions: 4 Protection Target: 6% Protection Level: 8The Indian Dry Deciduous Forests bioregion stretches across the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya. It contains four ecoregions totaling more than 56 million hectares of land area and includes the Gulf of Khambhat.
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Indian Tropical Coastal Forests (IM2)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 17,703 Number of Ecoregions: 7 Protection Target : 36% Protection Level: 4The Indian Tropical Coastal Forests bioregion is located along the western coast of the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya. It contains seven ecoregions totaling approximately 17 million hectares of land area.
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North Indomalayan Deserts & Scrub Forest (IM4)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 77,908 Number of Ecoregions: 5 Protection Target: 13% Protection Level: 10The North Indomalayan Desert & Scrub Forest bioregion is located in the northwest of the Indian Subcontinent subrealm in Indomalaya and contains four terrestrial ecoregions totaling nearly 78 million hectares of land area, not including the Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea Mangroves and adjoining marine areas.
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Central Indian Ocean Islands (IM1)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 55 Number of Ecoregions: 1 Protection Target: 33% Protection Level : 4The Central Indian Ocean Islands bioregion is part of the Indian Subcontinent subrealm within Indomalaya. It contains one ecoregion totaling approximately 55 thousand hectares of land area and consisting primarily of the marine areas surrounding the Maldives, Lakshadweep and Chagos.
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Philippines & Sulu Sea Tropical Forests (IM15)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 30,044 Number of Ecoregions: 9 Protection Target: 54% Protection Level: 3The Philippines & Sulu Sea Tropical Forests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains nine ecoregions totaling approximately 30 million hectares of land area.
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South China Subtropical Evergreen & Monsoon Forests (IM13)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 94,146 Number of Ecoregions: 5 Protection Target: 29% Protection Level: 2The South China Subtropical Evergreen & Monsoon Forests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains five ecoregions totaling approximately 94 million hectares of land area. This bioregion also includes adjoining coastal marine areas in the South China Sea.
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Indochina Mixed Forests & Peatlands (IM12)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 91,172 Number of Ecoregions: 17 Protection Target: 32% Protection Level: 5The Indochina Mixed Forests & Peatlands Bioregion is located in the Indomalayan realm. It contains 15 terrestrial ecoregions, along with the the Indochina Mangroves and South China Sea Islands, totaling approximately 90.5 million hectares of land area.
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Irrawaddy & North Indochina Mixed Forests (IM11)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 73,153 Number of Ecoregions: 4 Protection Target: 38% Protection Level : 2The Irrawaddy & North Indochina Mixed Forests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains four ecoregions totaling nearly 74 million hectares of land area.
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Arakan Mountains & Northern Triangle Forests (IM10)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 24,009 Number of Ecoregions: 5 Protection Target: 75% Protection Level: 2The Arakan Mountains & Northern Triangle Forests bioregion defines the upper western boundary of the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm in Indomalaya, containing five ecoregions totaling approximately 24 million hectares of land area.
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Myanmar Coastal Rainforests & Andaman Sea Islands (IM9)
Total Land Area (1000 ha) : 21,100 Number of Ecoregions: 7 Protection Target: 46% Protection Level: 3The Myanmar Coastal Rainforests & Andaman Sea Islands bioregion is located in the west of the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm in Indomalaya, containing five terrestrial ecoregions, along with Indochina Mangroves and Myanmar Coast Mangroves, totaling approximately 21 million hectares of land area.
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Nansei Islands Subtropical Evergreen Forests (IM14)
Total Land Area (1000 ha): 408 Number of Ecoregions: 1 Protection Target: 97% Protection Level : 4The Nansei Islands Subtropical Evergreen Forests bioregion is located in the Southeast Asian Forests subrealm of Indomalaya and contains one ecoregion located just south of Japan, totaling approximately 408 thousand hectares of land area and extensive marine areas surrounding this chain of forested islands.
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